Examining The Friendship Of A Single Soul English Literature Essay

Examining The Friendship Of A Single Soul English Literature Essay To the query, what is a friend? Aristotles response was a single soul dwelling in two bodies.' These friends are the ones who most likely know us better than we know ourselves, and whose names are forever branded on our heart (Parrott Parrott, 1998). Consider for a moment, which of these people are in your life; your friendship with them didnt happen in the blink of an eye. Over time we gradually begin to let these people see who we really are, and our friendship begins to grow into something memorable. Friends are what have enriched my life. Oh, I have loved my family, but its not the same. Friends have brought me more of the world; theyve added spice and variety (Apter Josselson, 1998). We are born into our family, but one amazing thing about our life is that we have the ability to choose our friends. There are some common characteristics that span across all types of friendships: rules shape the friendship, can last a lifetime and typically consist of people in the same age rang e (Floyd, 2009). How are cross-sex friendships similar to same-sex friendships? How are they different? Using major motion pictures that depict this remarkable bond between friends, we realize the qualities these friendships possess that make them similar and yet how different they really are. Similarities Notice that when Aristotle was asked, what is a friend? he didnt respond a single soul dwelling in two female bodies, or two male bodies, or even a male and a female body, its a single soul in two bodies. Friendship has no limits; there is no rule that says we can or cannot have friends of the same or opposite sex. Regardless of how many friends we have, same-sex or cross-sex, they all share the same purpose. Each and every relationship provides comfort during difficult times, outlets for expression of fear, feelings and fantasies, companionship, acceptance, and greater self-knowledge (Monsour, 2002). In the movie The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants, Bridget, Tibby, Lena, and Carmen define friendship as it occurs between girls/women. We were there for the things we couldnt face alone, or the ones we didnt want to face at all. Together, it was as if we formed one single, complete person (Ephron Brashares, 2005). Despite the obstacles that the girls face, their love and support for each other keeps their friendship strong. We know now that no matter how far we traveled on our own separate paths, somehow we would always find our way back to each other; and with that, we could get through anything. To us, who we were, who we are, and who well be. To the sisterhood, this moment, and the rest of our lives together and apart (Ephron Brashares, 2005). Although the girls have their own obstacles to deal with, they overcome them individually because of the unique bond that is their friendship. Likewise, the movie 8 Seconds tells the incredible true story of World Champion Bull Rider Lane Frost. The film not only documents Lanes rise to fame, but also displays Lanes friendship with fellow bull riders, Tuff Hedeman and Cody Lambert. Some people believe that men are incapable of having intimate friendships like women with other men (Derlega, 1992). Floyd (2009) states that equal levels of closeness are apparent in same-sex friendships regardless of sex. While doing an interview with George Michael, Lane says this about friend and fellow rider, Tuff Hedeman: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦me and my traveling partner Tuff Hedeman have been trading places all year. Sometimes hes in first, next week Im in first. If he wins, Ill be so happy for him, Ill forget about myself losing (Merrick, 1994). Lane, Tuff, and Cody arent just traveling buddies; they support each other no matter what, despite the fact that they compete against each other. After Lanes tragic death in 1989, Tuff realized how much Lane believed in him, and how amazing the friendship truly was. Back in the spring, Lane said, this is your year. that Id win the championship; [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] now its only a week away and I really think that I got a chance. I never had anybody believe that much in me (Merrick, 1994). Tuff Hedeman won the World Championship that year, just as Lane had predicted, and Tuff rode an extra eight seconds in memory of Lane. Harry Burns and Sally Albright are two iconic best friends. Harry: The first time we met, we hated each other [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] the third time we met, we became friends. Sally: We were friends for a long time (Ephron N. , 1989). Can men and women be friends, without sex getting in the way? This question was presented in the 1989 movie, When Harry Met Sally. Despite the fact that Harry and Sally end up together at the conclusion of the film, the friendship they have is more than that of any ordinary couple involved in a sexual relationship. Making a cross-gender relationship work does not solely depend on recognizing our differences. Its a matter of appreciating those differences as well (Parrott Parrott, 1998). Harry and Sally have a friendship very similar to what two women or two men might have; they are each others confidantes, support systems, and are committed to making their friendship work. After looking at three different films depicting friendships, the similarities between same-sex (female), same-sex (male), and cross-sex friendships become apparent. The social support given by same-sex friends can also be observed in cross-sex friendships (Monsour, 2002). Samuel Taylor Coleridge said, friendship is a sheltering tree, regardless of sex, it is obvious that all of these friendships are exactly that; a sheltering tree for everyone involved in the friendship. Differences We cant just look at the similarities between friendships, because lets face it, men and women are very different. The basic rules of friendship are similar, but the way we go about accomplishing them isnt always the same. Migliaccio (2009) says that a mans friendship is more than simply a product of being a man [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] the form of intimacy men experience is called closeness in the doing, also known as shared activity. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦women and men value different aspects of their respective friendships, women place greater emphasis on conversational and emotional expressiveness, whereas mens friendships focus on shared activities and interests (Floyd, 2009). A stereotypical girls night might consist of dinner, some drinks, and conversations about friends, love, life, and the future. On the other hand, a guys night could be a game of poker or a night at the gym playing a pick-up game of basketball. Within female friendship we satisfy our psychological hunger to explore different thoughts and feelings [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] they build one anothers confidence or tear it down (Apter Josselson, 1998). Despite having to spend the summer away from each other, the girls in The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants keep their friendship strong by writing letters to each other as if they were still together. In a letter that Lena writes Carmen, she expresses how afraid she actually is to fall in love. Hes right, Car. I am afraid. Theres a part of me that wants to let him in but then I feel myself put this wall up and I dont understand why. Maybe thats what strikes me most about Kostas: that despite everything hes suffered he can still look at life in the most uncomplicated way. Ive never known that kind of faith. It makes me so sad that people like Kostas and Bridget who have lost everything can still be open to lovewhile I, who have lost nothing, am not. (Ephron Brashares, 2005) Bridget, Tibby, Lena, and Carmen are able to express their emotions, fears, and feelings through a letter and a pair of secondhand jeans. Wear them, theyll make you brave (Ephron Brashares, 2005). The psychological hunger to examine ones ambitions, and emotions is satisfied by female friendships, there is no need to perform femininity such as men perform masculinity in their friendships. A womans friendship inevitably shapes and changes who the woman is (Apter Josselson, 1998). Unlike women, men stereotypically dont share all the intimate details that go on in their lives. As stated earlier, men generally emphasize the activities and interests they share with their friends. Lane Frost, Tuff Hedeman, and Cody Lambert, obviously have a friendship consisting of shared activity. First of all, they compete together in bull riding competitions; and when they arent, they spend their nights out at the bars shooting a game of pool. Although the guys still support each other, the emotional connection that typically is apparent with women is sometimes nonexistent. After a bull steps on Lanes groin, Tuff tells Lane he needs to cowboy up, Ive got two words for you Lane, Cowboy Up (Merrick, 1994). The idea that masculinity is a major part in friendships between two or more men is evident in 8 Seconds. The interaction between male friends is not simply because we are men, but a part of performing masculinity in society (Migliaccio, 2009). Lane, Tuff, and Cody, perform mas culinity by expressing boldness, strength, and resiliency. Its guts and love and glory, one mortals chance at fame. His legacy is rodeo, and cowboy is his name (Merrick, 1994). When Harry met Sally, a life long friendship began. The obvious difference in their friendship was the exact thing Sally denied sex, and eventually love. At the end of the film, Harry races to meet Sally in order to tell her exactly how he feels: I love that you get cold when its 71 degrees out. I love that it takes you an hour and a half to order a sandwich. I love that you get a little crinkle above your nose when youre looking at me like Im nuts. I love that after I spend the day with you, I can still smell your perfume on my clothes. And I love that you are the last person I want to talk to before I go to sleep at night (Ephron N. , 1989). One substantial difference between same-sex friends and cross-sex friends is the possibility for two cross-sex friends to fall in love. Another is that cross-sex friends are able to encourage the opposite sex friend to engage in opportunities that are usually associated with the opposed gender; such as men engaging in emotional expressions and women participating in shared activity (Floyd, 2009). Conclusion Quoting Frederick Buechner, Friends are people you make part of your life just because you feel like it. Basically your friends are not your friends for any particular reason. They are your friends for no particular reason. No one has the power to choose our friends except us, therefore it doesnt matter what sex our friends are. After viewing three movies where different types of friendships are exhibited, the similarities and differences between each type of friendship is very distinct. These distinct qualities that make our friendships alike or not, have the power to change the roles of our friends. Who are your best friends? Does it matter what their sex is?

The Hierarchical Social Structure in Velasquezs The Water Seller, Picassos Acrobats Family with :: Seller Acrobat Family Gothic Third May Essays

The Hierarchical Social Structure in Velasquez's The Water Seller, Picasso's Acrobat's Family with a Monkey,Wood's American Gothic, and Goyez's The Third of May The pyramidal structures in Velasquez's The Water Seller, Picasso's Acrobat's Family with a Monkey, Wood's American Gothic, Goyez's The Third of May reflects the components of society. At the top of the pyramid is the single individual, as presented by Diego Velasquez in "The Waterseller of Seville," which portrays the three images of a boy and old man in the foreground and the shadowy figure in the background, whom stand in a circle. A clear cup filled with water, like the water of life that quenched the dying man’s thirst in a hot desert, is suspended in the center. The young boy, in his school uniform of a black jacket and white dress shirt, looks at the glass as would a child at a chocolate chip cookie, craving and yearning for that bit of sweet chocolate encased by a soft sugary dough. The old man on his right is wearing a very bright red cloak that reflects off onto his hands and face, giving them a red glow as well, while his other hand rests on a large water jug. Behind the two men is a more mysterious figure, like a spirit from the netherworld whose face is transparent. He, too, holds a glass in his hand, but unlike the other two, he is actually dri nking from it.The centralized cup and its movement a circular pattern represents the completion of a life cycle. It begins with the boy, who is transformed, by the knowledge gained in life that is symbolized by the water, to an older man before entering his final stage of death. The large water jug in the forefront, however, is a reminder that the amount of knowledge that can be found in life is infinitely larger than people can possibly consume in their lifetime. On the middle tier of the structure is the basic family unit that can be divided into the intermediate, as portrayed by Grant Wood's American Gothic, and the extended, as in Picasso's The Acrobat's Family with a Monkey. In the former, the immediate family is portrayed as the "old family", since the couple present in the picture are elderly. The old man, holding a pitch fork, and his sister, who stands behind him, share the same grave look as parents would give their children while scolding them.

Roderick Chisholm on freedom of the will Essay -- essays research pape

There is much debate over the issue of whether we have complete freedom of the will or if our will caused by something other than our own choosing. There are three positions adopted by philosophers regarding this dispute: determinism, libertarianism, and compatibilism. Determinists believe that freedom of the will does not exist. Since actions are events that have some predetermined cause, no actions can be chosen and thus there is no will to choose. The compatibilist argues that you can have both freedom of the will and determinism. If the causes which led to our actions were different, then we could have acted in another way which is compatible with freedom of the will. Libertarians believe that freedom of the will does exist.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Roderick Chisholm defends Libertarianism, and in his essay â€Å"Human Freedom and The Self† argues that we have freedom of the will. Chisholm does not abandon the idea of causes but instead defines two types of causation. The first is transeunt causation where one event or state of affairs causes another event or state of affairs. This causation is based on a relationship between events. The second is immanent causation where an agent causes an event or state of affairs. An agent is an uncaused causer of events who is not bound by the laws of nature. This causation is based on the relationship between an agent and an event. Chisholm quotes a passage from Aristotle to demonstrate his immanent causation, â€Å"Thus, a staff moves a...

Ethics of Online Air Ticket Reservations Systems Essay

Ethical issue is the belief in right or wrong with a particular area or system. In any organization ethical issue should be followed for the achievement of business objectives. Precision air reservation system, ethical issues are being considered for the achievement of company goal. The following are ethical issues relating to airline reservation system Security; Information’s which are being provided by users should be secure. The system will ensure the safety of customers. All transaction activities will be secured. Nobody will be able to gain access to see bank accounts and other relevant information’s. Privacy issue; Personal information should not be sold to third parties (other people apart from administrator and end-user) for their benefit. All booking information collected in the booking form, payment form should be kept confidential according to how privacy policy of the system claims. Equality of Access in the system; All people are allowed to use the system anytime they want for booking purpose only. Security; by providing the best and stable system to make customer’s information secure from unauthorized people to gain it. Through creation of administrator account who will be the only person who has access to view this kind of information in the system. This will make system secure especially for transaction. Privacy policy; through providing privacy policy page in the system, Customers will be aware of how their information are being used in an organization. And make sure that customer’s information is not released to other organization without customers consent. Equality of accessing system and performing regular functions such as book for flight, viewing schedule etc. anybody can be able to view the system and make book for flight. Equality will be for only unregistered members. Registered member will be given priority and offers.

Find the leader on you Essay

Assignment 1: Finding the leader in you: Self – Assessment /Johari Window Leadership can be considered in terms of power capacity and opportunity to give to others, the desire to get involved and take action to achieve a collective goal or achieve a common goal. This power derives an estimated authority, trust or reference mentor who cannot be decreed. Leadership is no way from a status, function or any degree of responsibility. It owes its existence to the recognition of others. 1. Develop a profile of your personality characteristics and assessment results. Personality is not only specific to each, but also a psychological identity of a person distinctive behavioral singularity. It is forged throughout life, from a set of circumstances and experiences. Family executives, professionals or relationship are elements that influence personality. According to (Schermerhorn and others 2012), Personality captures the overall profile, or combination of characteristics, that represents the unique nature of an individual as that individual interacts with others. Personality is determined by both heredity and environment; across all personality characteristics, the mix of heredity and environment is about 50-50† It’s very difficult for somebody to look into the mirror and describe themself. I grew up in a Christian family. I was taught to be honest, modest, and tolerant, to respect others no matter their faith or their convictions. Being asked to describe your personality appears to be a  simple topic. On the contrary, it’s a very difficult and critical exercise. I describe myself as a hard worker. Whatever the circumstances, I have to reach my goals. I do whatever it takes to get the job done, sometimes working extra hours. I inherited that aspect of me from my parents who taught me that, â€Å"to succeed, you must work hard, because sun always shines for those who work hard†. I am not influenced by the gender and race of my colleagues or people around me. I build great relationships with people around me, they appreciate my presence and I have a genuine collaboration with them. I grew up in a multiracial community. We use to play together black and white, male and female. I learnt to respect and embrace different cultures. This helped me better understand cultural diversity. I strongly believe that cultural diversity is a value. Around me I see people with different sexual orientation. I accept and respect their choice, because they may be  influenced by their culture or where they grew up. It’s so interesting to hear people share their experiences. Taking personal initiatives is another part of me. However, I adhere to rational and realistic changes. I have the honesty to recognize my strengths and weaknesses when it comes to skills required for a job. I don’t accept a job if I can’t manage it. I’m ambitious; I love challenges because they reveal my strength and leadership. I am somebody who also learns from my experiences and experiences of others. I like to organize my work by priority and deadlines. I do this so I can produce the highest quality work in the amount of time I have. When I am in charge of a team, I share my vision with my team members and delegate duties with clear and precise instructions and expectations. I value other people’s opinions, suggestions and contributions. My friends, my classmates or my colleagues would tell you that I am a fair man, who always listens when they have something to say. I’m a reliable, flexible, and honest person always open the new ideas, new concept and new experiences. For me, failure is something that should never happen. That is my weakness. So it becomes very difficult for me when I fail to attend my objectives. It takes time for me to accept such situation. That is one aspect of me on which I should take some resolutions. 2. Summarize the result of the assessments you completed for homework in week 1. The 21st century called the century of globalization, is marked by the digital revolution following the development of the information technology. This revolution has given birth to a new form of management, based on constant and innovative changes. Today’s manager must be proactive because technology is advancing very quickly. He must master his professional environment to be effective. In today organization, the person in charge of management should be able to instigate actions and creative ideas. In the ever more demanding world of work, many companies are seeking individuals with more proactive qualities, individuals who take initiative and engage in proactive problem solving. Research supports this, showing that proactive personality is positively related to job performance, creativity, leadership and career success. (Shermerhorn and other 2012). This assessment is applied to Late Steve Job, Co-founder of Apple Company. In term of products, Apple has been at the top for a while. That company is  making products better than anyone else for years. The reason of their success is that Steve was anticipating what people’s needs would be in the future, not what they are right now. A manager has to identify where the market is heading, not where it is right now. That means, he should have a vision. That is one of Steve job traits. I can add imagination and passion. Steve Job has the imagination to create an IPhone which at that time was unique. IPhone is an assemble of six or more most needed products. (Watch, flashlight, telephone, camera, camcorder, music box, calculator and many others services). That was a genius idea. To realize this genius technology, you have to be passionate and willing to settle for a long term goal of achievement. Most companies failed because they put little emphasis on the future. They were focus on day by day management. Kodak was leader in cameras and most photographic supplies. They did not understand the digital revolution. They tried year after year to maintain the same routine. They did not understand people’s need and didn’t integrated changes provided by the outcome of digital technology. That type of management brought the company down. They lost a big part of the market. Transformational leadership style in today organization is most efficient. Leader’s mission is not only to maintain the organization’s stability, but also to bring innovations, high productivity and employee satisfaction. Leaders should inspire followers. Managers or Leaders in charge of organizations should be equipped to challenge conflicts every day, either from employees not willing to change or from organization’s customers or others. Conflict is inevitable among humans. It is a natural outcome of human interaction that begins when two or more social entities engage one another while striving to attain their objective. (M.Afzalur Rahim. 2001). A manager should give all parties to a conflict an equal voice, regardless of their position, length of service or political influence. People in conflict can become defensive if they feel they are being marginalized or are going through a process leading to a predetermined outcome. Time is an important but limited resource that we never seem to have enough. So, a manager must be a well organizing person. He should prioritize, planning and understand completing activities of the organization. Most organizations today are taking organic characteristics. No matter the design, to succeed, leader must socialize with his colleagues. He must be a team player and should have a strong  self-awareness. He must get his followers his passion and his visions. Successful leaders today involve employees in all aspects of the work process: design, manufacture, inventory, marketing. Leaders create team. They don’t issue orders from above. Dale Carnegie and others. (1993). Today’s manager must be proactive because things are going very quickly. He must master professional environment to be effective. 3. Analyze how attribute / scores speak to your relationships and career. By analyzing the results of this self-assessment, I discovered my strengths and weaknesses. My results have revealed the leadership qualities that I have and what I don’t have. Self-assessment # 22 reveals to me that I met more than seventy percent requirements needed to be a manager 21st century manager. I manage stress effectively and focus on the objectives. I socialize with people in my environment. I listen to my intuition when necessary and like to take initiatives. However, I have to personally set my skills to work to a higher performance standard. I work as a manager in a multinational company which retains its value and its name from the quality of products and services it offers to its customers. This conceptualization of standard is not always accepted by all customers. Consequently, to meet my financial goals and also to provide customer satisfaction I sometimes take the decisions to violate the established standards. Transformational leaders typically have charisma and are known for their ability to develop a vision and the ability to inspire others to follow them toward it. The results of transformational leadership take time. Transformational leaders must invest time and confidence; build energy to convince their followers to share their vision. Today, organizations that are not highly equipped and prepared, and who hire transformational leaders are likely to be frustrated and disappointed. It would be important for me to improve my skills on Organizational Leadership style to be able to succeed in my mission. Organizational leadership skills are also required to stabilize an organization because without stability, you cannot install a real vision and get people to share it. The organization that I work for was created by a dozen people whose common goal is to make profit, but with different approaches. We’ve an organic design preference organization. Employees are sometimes under pressure from the shareholders to increase  productivity. That pressure develops stress on employees. The stress generally impacts employees and their individual behavior. It stimulates their instant creativity and generates short-term enthusiasm. In such situation, employees works hard not to improve the company productivities, but to save their job. They become irritable, nervous and resistant. Otherwise, some employees loose the job satisfaction. All those aspects off stress have impact on company productivities. A manager should be able to anticipate and manage employee stress. I understand the necessity for a leader to have both type of leadership style. Definitely, I have to improve my skills in the style of Organizational leadership. My intuition level is above average, but I believe that I’ve room for improvement. The intuition is an important character for a leader because you have to read between the lines to anticipate action. I am able to improve my intuitive skills. Under the management of conflict, I’m pushing for compromise. I think it helps to calm passion and save time for manager and employees. However, I recognize that a leader must sometimes impose his ideas if he strongly believes he is on the right path. In this case the leader must be prepared to face resistance from other parties which may complicate the process. I firmly believe that the leader must be able to manage conflicts and get away without too much damage. Conflict management is also a part of my daily activities. You cannot be a good manager in an organization when you only choose solutions that favor you, especially if you’ve several customer/employee complaints. You have to be open and willing to compromise. Employees and customers may not be always right, but as a manager, I must listen to their complaints and provide satisfactory solutions. I feel more comfortable in an organization that values long-term relationship; one that emphasizes systematic career development, mandates regular training, and provides promotions based on gained achievement and expertise. I recognize that it is beneficial for an organization to train its employees from top to bottom. This instills in them the true value of the organization even though it may not provide a guarantee of stability. It often happens that the well- trained staff leaves the organization to go elsewhere for a higher pay and benefits. To create a balance, I apply the concept of just-in-time training to minimize destabilization of the organization.

Product Complexity Defination

Product complexity definition What product â€Å"complexity† means to supply chain and the industry? It can be define differently based on the industry and the market. A lot people think complexity is the same meaning with complicacy or simplicity. Unfortunely, both of the definition is wrong because complexity is something that interacts among each other and sub divide it in all its single elements and lead to the solution of the problems. â€Å"Complexity makes a supply chain inflexible and inefficient,† Hoole writes. â€Å"It also hampers on time delivery and creates problems for product quality. From the manufacturing company stand point, it will cause complexity when the variety over the limit of the supply chain. For example, to serve the different types of logistics customer, better technologies to make the merchandise, the different types of the sales channel, handle different types of raw materials and components. Webster define complexity as 1a) the quality o r state being composed of two or more separate or analyzable items, parts, constituents, or symbol. 2a) having many varied parts, or elements, and consequently hard to understand. b) marked by involvement of many parts, aspects, and need earnest study or examination to understand it. Based on product design, it defines as proportional to the total number of design decision (Baldwin& Clark 2009). The number of functions designed into products (Griffin 1997a, 1997b), the numbers of components (Gupta&Krishnan 1999). Other than that, it defines as number of physical modules and by the degree of dependency (Kaski&Heikkila 2002). It also has three different definitions for the complex system like it is a system that mixes with the different parts in a complicated way and hard for the industry to understand. Flood &Carson 1988). According to Klir(1985), a system manifesting differentiation and connectively. Complexity is divided into 2 big categories multiplicity and relatedness into the p roducts. A lot of times, product complexity only call as ceteris paribus and it means a product contain more components or more interrelationship among it elements. Product complexity is defined as assessment about the number of components in a product. Industrial purchasing process can affect by a multitude of complexities induced by the nature of purchased products, the organizational structure and the influences of the external environment. Other than that, product complexity is directly link to the supply chain operation management. Because of this, Jacob literature defines the complexity supply chain by the number of parts and degree of unpredictability, represents by three facts: the number of components, extend of interactions, and degree of product novelty. Besides that, represent by the numbers of modules and markets, it also clear in the different types of the suppliers and their interaction. Because of this, Jacob define the product complexity as a design of multiplicity, relatedness to others, and product architecture elements. Multiplicity is a unique category and relatedness has three different types like similarity, complementary, and inter-connectedness. Complementary is for economic sense of a product like mp3 player and music player (Jacob). Similarity is merchandise that sharing the same components, provide the same functions, and same benefit role of the products to the market. Other than that, According to Ulrich’s (2005), inter-connectedness is a kind of connection of interface such as slot, and sectional typology. It also includes the logical and mechanical connection between two elements. For example, it modified of old products through the similarity of the components and the function of the products. (Jacob) Literature define Product portfolio complexity management as the combination of decisions, value systems, supporting process, and initiative pertaining to deciding and employing the most effective product portfolio like mix product types, feature sets, and components types. Product complexity has several levels in system theory according to Boulding and Simons (1956, 1962). In the literature, the levels of the products are product categories, the portfolio of a firm offering, and extend of the product components level. Based on Henderson literature, product complexity had 2 objectives of funding requirements (generating large amounts of cash and estimate long terms sales growth) and the risk mitigation. A lot of firms try to introduce the different types of products into the market to offset economic or political risk, as well as offer broader lines in the hope of increasing the opportunity of a product can become a runaway success. Mark) The other forces that like competitive positioning will cause a firm to offer more products. The impact of product complexity Product complexity will cause problem in supply chain process execution related to product supply, manufacture, innovation, delivery, and support. Product complexity play a main role of affirm operation, the impact of it are complexity management, inventory, and measure. Inventory is a very impo rtant force to tie the streams together into the complexity management like the reducing inventory level or cost, and also focus on improving inventory position. Based on Krishnan and Gupta (2001) literature, relatedness and multiplicity has the implicit relationship and they found out the benefit to increasing the use of the common platforms was the function of components costs. According to Hoole, we need to use the right metric to measures complexity and the leader need to focus more careful on product and component rationalization. After that, it can use the metric result to manage the number of components of a product more effectively than others. For instance, the unit costs of the components are standardized and not too high relative to alternative suitable components, the increasing of platform will beneficial. By doing this, the company has the advantageous on the cost effectively when they pursuing to the market segment because it increase the profit and decrease the complexity. A good combination of work cam emerged on the topic of modularity represent the increase of the complexity. It will enable scale economic (Pine, Victor & Boynton 1993), engineering efficiencies (Jacob), and improved coordination (Schilling 2000). All the benefits are shown analytically related to the cost components being standardized ( Fisher et al 1996). Modularity will have the importance impact on elements of competitive advantage according to the empirical research. Complexity wills increase cost and dominate the revenue benefit. (Lancaster, 1979; Moorthy, 1984). Product complexity affects the company economics of the transaction costs and the sourcing and design in operation management. There are 2 theoretical perspectives in the effect of product complexity into operations. Theory of performance frontiers (TPF) and transaction cost economics (TCE). Strategic on managing supply chain complexity One of the way to reducing the complexity problems is to follow lean production and Just In Times manufacturing ( Womack 1990) basically refer to the principle that â€Å"the leaner, the better. † According to the literature, a lots of the marketing managers, designers, and the engineers need to pay attention on the product innovation, mass customization, variety reduction program, value analysis, and modularization to managing the product complexity ( Perona 2004). According to the Perona literature, it has empirical evidences to show the ways to manage the complexity like the joint venture with the suppliers, product modularization, and information systems for production planning and control. The main issue is the supplier can help the company reduce complexity and improve company performance. Based on the information that collected from the companies show that the company has the stable relationship get the lower complexity score and the company with the short term relationship has the higher complexity and hard to manage. By investing in joint venture the suppliers can help companies saves times in managing commercial transactions, decrease defects rates in delivery merchandise, improve the transaction reliability, and reduce the effective stock reduction. The product reengineering has the most control on the products to link in between marketing and production; it will helps the them to cause miscommunication on the production process and improved their productions. Based on the transaction cost, company needs to decide either in house production or outsourcing of components. Some of the products are easy to outsourcing but it will cost a lot of production cost. Complexity always has the perspective the less complexity is always better because it focus on reduce the procurement cost from reducing unique parts. The numbers of components that required manufacturing products increase, the effort dedicated to ensuring conformance will increase. It will increase the cost to make the products. Another research mentions that production process link to the measures of research and development effectiveness. To ensure successful supply chain complexity management, the management team needs to set targets for both managing advantageous complexity and reducing disadvantageous complexity for the employee to follow and work on it to set the differentiation level. The other steps to manage supply chain complexity are to identify the different type of key complexity drivers. It can divide in 3 different categories like configuration and structure, products and services, and process and systems. Conclusion Some of the company likes complexity because it can increase their sales based on the product differentiation. Based on the sales return and cost, complexity can create the potential for the best level in product complexity portfolio. A lot of the company think that product complexity can help the company make different in the customer demand, the way on handle the supply chain and the relationship with supplier. Managing product complexity effectively can be daunting organizational task. Most if the times, the impact of the inventory of a company will reducing the safety stock to simplify the supply chain level based on the Degree of Commonality Index(DCI) increased. By doing this, it can help the company save money in the long term and reduce the transportation cost. If the company fail to handle the product and supply chain complexity will cause the company increased the cost and affect the quality of products in the lifecycle management. According to Hoole, it suggest the company to use the right metric to track complexity

Music History Medieval -> Baroque Notes

Music History 1st year midterm notes Chapter V: The Middle Ages and the Evolution of Polyphony Early Middle Ages (5th-10th century) High Middle Ages (1 lath-13th century) Late Middle Ages (14th-1 5th century) Composers: Hildebrand of Binge (1098-1179) Songs composed Plainchant Sequence: Combat Aspect About: -German writer, composer, philosopher, Christian, and visionary -had visions and later recognized as a gift from god. -was sent to the church in god's service, due to her visions or political position. -elected magistrate in her community in 1136 -wrote 69 musical compositions music composed is very monophonic.Banter De Vendor (1130? – 1200?) Court Music: La Dough Vote -a troubadour and secular composer -his composition/writing style helped establish the classical form of courtly love poetry -is French -approximately 45 of his composition and works survived. Pertain/Pertain the Great (End of 12th Century – Beginning of 13th Century) Organza Music: Alleluia: Diffuse e st. gratin -European Composer (believed to be French) -pioneered the style of organza triplet/quadrupled (3/4 part harmonies) -his works are preserved in the â€Å"Magnums Libber† Gallinule De Mach Nova)Songs Composed Polyphonic Progression: Dame, De quiz touted ma Joke event Quant en mom -Medieval French poet and composer -part of the musical movement known as Ears Nova -helped developed the motet and secular song forms -survived the black death/plague -composed 400 poems, 235 ballades, 76 rounded, 39 varietals, 24 alas, 10 complaint's and 7 chansons royals. -majority of his poems reflect on the conventions of courtly love. Chapter VI: The Renaissance Began in Italy after late middle ages and spread to the rest of Europe Cultural movement that spanned from 14th-17th centuryThe printing press was developed which helped spread this movement. Gallinule Duffy (1397-1474) New Attitudes: Eve Maria Stella -Netherlands composer of the early renaissance -most famous and influential c omposer in Europe in the 1 5th century -printing press allowed for his works to spread rapidly -wrote 7 complete masses, 28 individual mass movements, 15 chants, 3 magnificent, 15 antiphons, 27 hymns, 22 motets, and 87 chansons.Joaquin des Perez High Renaissance Style: Panged lingua Mass, Keri Panged lingua Mass, from the Gloria Music As Expression : Mille Regrets Netherlands composer of high renaissance -wrote both sacred and secular music -wrote 18 masses, 100 motets, 70 chansons -traveled a lot -a humanist composer, uses word painting Giovanni Pepperoni dad Palestinian (1525-1594) Late Renaissance Style: Pope Marcella Mass -Italian Renaissance Composer -Incidentally enough, was born in a town called Palestinian -under the influence of the European style of polyphony -choir master and composer -wrote 105 masses, 68 offertories, 140 madrigals, 300 motets Thomas weeks (1576-1623) Secular Music Style of Renaissance: As Vests was from Lattes Hill English Composer -Became organist of W inchester College and Chester Cathedral 1 598 -wrote many many madrigals -works consisted heavily on vocal compositions -most anthems written are verse anthems Chapter VI': The Early Baroque Period From 1600-1680 Period of artistic style and development of exaggerations and motions Encouraged by the roman catholic church Giovanni Gabriele (1554-1612) Renaissance to Baroque Progression: O magnum mysteries -Italian composer and organist -Influential musician in the shift of Renaissance to Baroque -born in Venice -became organist of SST. Marks Basilica in 1585Later Medieval Polyphony Anonymous: Round: Summer is legmen In CD 1:5 -repeating motifs everywhere -Early medieval English round or paragons (I. E. Row row Row your boat) Mach: Dame, De quiz touted ma Joke event CD 1:6 Mach: Quant en mom -French -Motet -lots of dissonance -floats melody Chapter VI: The Renaissance Ears Nova: 14th century -age of exploration -age of humanism -focus of human life and accomplishment, of appreciation in the beauty of a life – secular movement develops New Attitudes Duffy: Eve Mans Stella CD -very arrogantly decorated -floats modal melody -in Gregorian style -Latin The High Renaissance Style – blend of homophony, and imitative counterpoint. – has rich harmonic textures – usually in chapel onlyJoaquin: Panged lingua Mass, Keri CD 1:8 -very implicates -repeating motifs in other voice parts -ends palpably Joaquin: Panged lingua Mass, from the Gloria CD 1:9 -repeating motifs in other parts in specific order -pneumatic Music as Expression Joaquin: Mille Regrets CD 1:10 -very intimate and sad -unresolved ending -word painting used heavily -motifs taking turns in other parts Late Renaissance Music Palestinian: Pope Marcella Mass CD 1 -solid chord structures -every part is equally as important The Motet Secular music of the Renaissance Wilkes: As Vests was from Lattes Hill CD 1:12 -English -very secular heavily polyphonic, pneumatic -word painting heavily emph asized -danceable Instrumental Music: Early Developments Anon: Gaillardia Daphne CD 1:13 -triple time -dance rhythms Anon: Kemps Gig CD 1:14 -fast and with dance rhythms -duple time Dance Stabilization Basso Continuo: Chords that are written specifically for an instrument that fills in the harmonic textures. -allows soloists to sing more freely Castrate: Male singers who were menstruated so that they could sing soprano parts. -aristocrats of opera -very very wealthy From Renaissance to Baroque G.Gabriel': O magnum mysteries CD 1:15 -homophobic full, rich chords and structures Style Features of Early Baroque Music Opera – tells a story – all dialogue is sung Monteverdi: Coronation of Poppa CD 1:16-17 -Italian -Homophobic -has aria -dialogue in song -telling a story Purcell: Dido and Names CD 1: 18-19 -very sad -minor key going chromatically down -repeats base motif over and over again but becoming more decorative as the song progresses -Italian on 18 -English on 19 The Rise of Instrumental Music Foreseeable: Suite (Cannons, Ballet, Corrected, and piccalilli) CD 1:20-23 -very dance like -only played by instrument -sounds like an organ